Sheep Feeding Notes
Sheep are ruminants with 4 compartments in their stomachs (rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum). The rumen and reticulum serve as large fermentation vats holding bacteria and protozoa. These ruminal microorganisms provide advantages for sheep compared with simple-stomached animals. They:
- Digest cellulose and hemicellulose in fiber to produce volatile fatty acids that are absorbed through the rumen wall and used as the main precursors of glucose and fatty acids.
- Make B vitamins.
- Make essential amino acids from non-protein nitrogen and carbon skeletons.
As fermented feed and ruminal microbes pass through the omasum from the reticulum, the moisture content is reduced. From the omasum, this digesta enters the abomasum. The abomasum is the gastric stomach equivalent to the stomach of simpled-stomached animals.
Feed components are nutrient precursors
Feed ingredients can be analyzed for components. The components can be digested to supply nutrients directly or be fermented by ruminal microbes to supply nutrients. Click here for a table of feed ingredient components that describes the nutrients provided by each components.
Feeding levels
Like all ruminants, sheep should be able to eat as much and as often as they wish. Component concentrations in diets should be adjusted for stage and level of growth, reproduction, milk production, and wool production. The FeedForm diet formulation tool or other diet formulation software can be used to assess and adjust diets.
Fermentable NDF
Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) measures the fiber component of feeds or ingredients. Ruminants need minimum levels of fermentable NDF (FNDF) to develop and maintain rumen function. Normal rumen fermentation produces volatile fatty acids (VFAs) such as acetic acid (vinegar), propionic acid, and butyric acid. High grain diets with insufficient levels of FNDF, may allow lactic acid-producing bacteria to predominate. Lactic acid is ten times stronger than the VFAs and one isomer is not easily metabolized by mammalian tissues. This type of fermentation causes rumen acidosis with the resulting degradation of the absorbing papillae on the ruminal wall. High enough concentrations of lactic acid will be absorbed into the blood stream, resulting in metabolic acidosis. Both rumen acidosis and metabolic acidosis results in lowered feed intake and a spiral toward death.
Based upon designed experiments at Cornell and evidence from private farms, minimum FNDF levels range from 15% of the dietary dry matter for growing lambs to 35% of the dietary dry matter for lactating ewes consuming high levels of digestible carbohydrates. Click here for more information.
Experiments have shown that “roughage” (Google definition: fibrous indigestible material in vegetable foodstuffs that aids the passage of food and waste products through the gut) is has no ruminal function. The so-called “scratch factor” should be scratched (Debbie Hogue).
Minerals
Copper is needed in sheep diets, but sheep are very susceptible to copper toxicity. Only rarely should copper be added to feeds or included in mineral mixes. Copper poisoning usually is a result of feed mixing errors or the use of mineral mixes or mineral blocks for other farm animals, such as cattle.
Molybdenum is an essential dietary element. At the low end of high dietary copper levels, higher molybdenum levels can help to prevent copper toxicity.
Cobalt is part of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin), produced by ruminal microoorganisms. Cobalt is deficient in most soils and should be included in a mineral supplement.
Selenium is part of glutathione peroxidase, which prevents white muscle disease. Selenium is deficient in most soils and should be included in a mineral supplement.
Iodine is part of thyroxine, a hormone produced by the thyroid glad than regulates metabolism. Iodine is deficient in most soils and should be included in a mineral supplement.
Phosphorus does not normally needed to be added to sheep feeds. High grain feeds supply more than enough.
Calcium normally should have a concentration twice as high as phosphorus. This helps to prevent urinary calculi and maintain healthy bones. Dicalcium phosphate should not normally be used to increase calcium concentrations in diets because it contains phosphorus. Limestone or calcium carbonate should be used. Milk fever is the name given to hypocalcemia, when so much calcium is taken from the body to produce milk that a ewe develops neurological symptoms so severe that she can not get up. Milk fever can be prevented by proper dietary mineral balance near the end of gestation. Milk fever can be cured by administering large amounts of appropriately buffered calcium subcutaneously or intravenously. The symptoms of milk fever can be confused with those of pregnancy toxemia.
Because sheep consume minerals for the taste of sodium chloride, only one mineral mix that includes salt – like the Agway Sheep Mineral Mix – should be used. Sheep do not have nutritional wisdom.
Loose minerals should be used instead of mineral blocks because sheep will not consume sufficient amounts of minerals from blocks.
Silage feeds
Sheep are prone to infection by Listeria monocytogenes, the organism that causes listeriosis. The organism likes to grow in cool, moist environments. Unless feedbunks are cleaned daily, they provide great environments for listeria. Corn silage seems to cause the highest incidence. Grass silage is an excellent feed for mature animals with a lower incidence of listeriosis.
Pregnancy ketosis
A ewe carrying multiple fetuses in late gestation may not have enough abdominal space to consume the large amounts of a low-digestibility diet necessary for metabolism. The ewe will draw on body fat without sufficient glucose to properly metabolize the resulting fatty acids. The fatty acids will be transformed to ketones to create ketosis. This causes general lethargy and reduces feed intake further, which results in a vicious, downward spiral toward death. Pregnancy ketosis can be prevented by feeding very highly digestible hay or silage or supplementing with grain during the last third of gestation. Pregnancy ketosis can be treated by oral administration of glycerol several times daily until after the ewe lambs. The symptoms of pregnancy ketosis can be confused with those of hypocalcemia (milk fever).
Navigation
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Cornell Small Ruminant Management List Server
Click here to join the Cornell University sheepgoatmanagement list server. The purpose of the list server is to ask about and exchange information about sheep and goat management.
Frequently used
- Sheep & Goat Marketing
- New Holland Monday prices
- Pennsylvania Weekly Livestock Sales Summary
- Historical New Holland Monday prices - In item 1 (find results), enter LN_LS322
- Commodity futures prices
- By-product ingredient prices from the University of Missouri
Solar grazing
From Cornell University
- 2014 Cornell Sheep & Goat Symposium handouts
- Control of internal parasites (Cornell Small Ruminant Parasites site)
- Cornell Cooperative Extension
- Cornell Cooperative Extension Field Staff
- Cornell Beef Cattle Management
- Cornell Goat Management
- Cornell Small Farms Program
- Bulletin on cutting meat
- Department of Animal Science
- Low Input Lambing & Kidding
- New Concepts of Sheep Growth (Rex Butterfield)
- New Concepts of Cattle Growth (Roy Berg and Rex Butterfield)
- Sheep tipping video
Dairy sheep
- Guide to Raising Dairy Sheep (Yves Berger, Claire Mikolayunas, David Thomas - University of Wisconsin)
- Proceedings of Dairy Sheep Symposia
- Searchable PDF of titles of Proceedings of Dairy Sheep Symposia
- Effect of growth rate on milk production (University of Wisconsin)
- Principles of Sheep Dairying in North America
- Solar Grazing
From other academic and Extension sources
- Interstate Animal Movement Requirements (state import requirements for livestock)
- Livestock Guardian Dogs (Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Texas A&M AgriLife Extension)
- Maryland Small Ruminant Page (Susan Schoenian)
- Oklahoma State University breeds of livestock
- Sheep & Goat Research Journal
- USDA Soil Survey Maps
- USDA Meat, Poultry and Egg Product Inspection Directory
- Wisconsin Sheep and Goat Extension
From industry
- American Sheep Industry Association
- Best Practice Resources (from ASI)
- Dairy Sheep Association of North America
- Dairy One (feed analysis)
- Empire Alpaca Association
- Empire Sheep Producers Association
- Empire State Meat Goat Producers Association
- National Lamb Feeders Association
- New River Valley Sheep & Goat Club
- SheepBytes Ration Balancing
- Sheep Care Guide
- United States Border Collie Club
- United States Lamb Resource Center (marketing American lamb)
- Values of breeding sheep (from ASI)
- Working dog liability insurance
- Wool Journal
Books
- ASI Sheep Care Guide
- Sheep & Goat Research Journal
- Storey's Guide to Raising Sheep: Breeds, Care, Facilities (search for this on-line)
- The Sheep Book (by Ron Parker) (search for this on-line)
Wool
- 2020 Sheep Shearers in the Northeast
- NYS Wool Branding Report
- ASI Shearing Data Base Form (Word doc)
- ASI Shearer Directory
- Battenkill Fibers
- Black Sheep Handspinners Guild
- Black Mesa Weavers for Life and Land
- Carolina Specialy, Inc. (Wool processing equipment)
- Canadian Cooperative Wool Growers Ltd.
- Faribault Woolen Mill
- Fiber Crafts
- Fibershed
- Fingerlakes Woolen Mill
- Helen Trejo (Fiber designer and fibershed expert)
- Heritage Wool Blankets
- Horner Shearing (equipment that runs off 12-Volt battery)
- Howard Brush (cards for sheep and wool)
- Ithaca SheepSkin
- IWTO Wool Sheep Welfare
- MacAusland's Woollen Mill
- Midstates Wool Growers Cooperative Association
- New York Guilds
- New York State Regional Yarn Sourcebook by Helen Trejo, PhD
- Nistock Farms
- Shearers and other fiber information
- Shearing instructions (from Premier1)
- Stanley Bulbach (fiber artist)
- Yocom-McColl Wool Testing Lab
- 20160511 Cornell Sheep Sale
- Cornell STAR-managed sheep flock data summaries
- Vaccination against overeating disease (click on toggle on health page)
- Feeding ewes with triplet lambs
- Observations on the effect of adding water to feed on lamb pneumonia
More details about past, present, and future sheep research at Cornell University will be coming soon.
Michael L. Thonney, Professor
Director, Cornell Sheep Program and Graduate Field of Animal Science
114 Morrison Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853-4801
mlt2@cornell.edu
607-592-5891
Dan L. Brown, Associate Professor
Nutritional Toxicologist
320 Morrison Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853-4801
607-255-4027
dlb20@cornell.edu
tatiana L. Stanton, Extension Associate
Goat Specialist
114 Morrison Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853-4801
tls7@cornell.edu
607-254-6024
Niko Kochendoerfer, PhD Student and Graduate Assistant
110 Morrison Hall
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14853-4801
nk584@cornell.edu
Cornell Cooperative Extension Field Educators (posted on Mike Baker's Beef Cattle web site)
Major revision: October 2015
Please contact Niko Kochendoerfer at nk584@cornell.edu if you can't find something from the previous version.
Copyright © 2015 Michael L. Thonney